(no subject)

Lombards

Gregory V revoked power of Romans to declare emperors, gave to electors
Nicolas II revoked power of Romans to declare popes, gave to cardinals, 1059
Robert Guiscard, Roger, Tancred & Naples/Sicily
Urban II
Frederick Barbarossa, Guelphs & Ghibellines
Nicolas III (Orsini) & nepotism
1200s, Dante's time
blacks and whites (both Guelphs)
Donati (black) & Cerchi (whites)
Pope Boniface VIII intervenes
1302 Dante, who had married a Donati, banished
Dante condemns Boniface to hell in the Inferno

Clement V, moves to Avignon, conflict between Philip IV and Boniface VIII, 1309-1377
Walter of Brienne, Duke of Athens
Castruccio
Bardi, Frescobaldi

Albizzi, Ricci were the leading families in post-plague Florence
Albizzi were producers of woolen cloth, associated with Guelphs, elite, and pro-popacy views
Ricci were bankers, associated with the popolo, allies with the Medici
more sympathetic to new men
Guelph party seeks to purge gov't of all "Ghibellines"

anti-papacy revolt against Gregory XI (pope from 1370 to 1378, ended the Avignon papacy, however, then you get the western schism, with a second line of Avignon popes, now considered illegitimate)
he pisses Florence off
1370s Florence allies with Milan, which is traditionally against the Pope
before this, Florence closely allied with the Pope, pope's bankers (again after this)
Salvestro de' Medici
John Hawkwood agrees not to make war on Florence, switches sides and abandons Gregory
1376 interdict prohibiting religious services in Florence

1378 revolt of the Ciompi (unskilled textile workers) a reaction to the Parte Guelfa's excesses
1378-1382 Ciompi

wars against Milan
require money
Cosimo de' Medici has money!
Medici have connections to Pope, Pope's bankers




Alexander VI invites Charles VIII, who claims Naples, allied to Sforza duke of Milan
1494 expulsion of Medici, Savonarola
Julius II commissions Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel
dispensation to Henry VIII to marry Katherine of Aragon
overthrows Cesare Borgia
Holy League of 1511
1512 Julius, Swiss mercenaries, Spanish army kick out the French, put the Medici back
1512-1527 Medici rule