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Karabel relief locates Tarhuntassa, Arzawa, the Lukka countries
Seha River Land situated to the north of Arzawa Minor/Mira, must have been to the north of the Karabel-pass
Arzawa can only have been to the north of Tarhuntassa and Lukka
Lukka countries lay to the west of Tarhuntassa, in western Pamphylia and Lycia
confirms the identification of Apasa with Ephesus
New excavations on the acropolis have revealed LBA pottery, Mycenaean and Western Anatolian, and parts of an impressive fortification wall, most probably of LBA date, constructed in a similar technique as the citadel wall of Troy VI and providing evidence that Ephesos at that time formed an important center.
Tanaja used in the Egyptian sources for a major part of the Peloponnese may have been an alternative name connected with the Homeric Danaoi used alternatively to Achaioi. Another possibility (Deger-Jalkotzy) is the location of the centre of Ahhiyawa at Boeotian Thebes. According to the recently found archive of Linear B tablets Thebes was the center of a large kingdom comprising Euboea. A role at the court of Thebes is several times mentioned in the new Linear B tablets.
Niemeier is pretty sure Miletus is Millawanda.
Assuwa probably was situated to the north of Arzawa and the Seha River Land. The name Assuwa has been connected with Asia, but this name occurs only rather late and is first confined to Lydia and Ionia further south. May be Assos on the southern coast of the Troad.
The man of Ahhiyawa of the fragmentary letter of unknown author and unknown recipient (possibly king of Ahhiyawa) possibly is identical with the man of Ahhiya in the famous so called Indictment of Maduwatta written by Arnuwanda I to Madduwata, a renegade Hittite vassal in western Anatolia complaining about the misdeets of Madduwata under Tudhaliya, Arnuwanda's father. About Attarassiya, the man (maybe just a gentilic, or maybe meaning not-king) of Ahhiya (Gunterbock regards Ahhiyawa as an expanded form of Ahhiya, the people of Ahhiya) we read that he drove Madduwata from the latter's country.
recent investigations in the temple of Athena at Miletus indicates Minoan presence from beginning of Old Palace period on.
Hittite silver stag vessel from Shaft Grave IV at Mycenae may have come directly or indirectly
From the Hittite sources of the 13th century BC we know that Millawanda was inhabited by subjects of the king of Ahhiyawa. This may have been the case already as early as the later 15th century BC, since according to the archaeological data Mycenaeans probably settled there much earlier, in LH IIIA:1.
C Mee and M Benzi think that political pressure and a series of untoward events connected iwth the emergence of the centralized palace system prompted a number of displaced aristocrats to "set sail to the Aegean in order to try their fortune there at the expense of the local communities, which had not yet fully recovered from the catastrophes at the end of LM IB". If this is true, Attarasiya may be one of these displaced aristocrats. may also have been access to important resources, esp. metals. Attarasiya may have been the agent of one of the new expanding Mycenaean palace centres.
bowl at Hattusa decorated with a warrior, probably a Mycenaean
inscribed bronze sword at Hattusa
Hittite kings dedicated parts of their booty to deities, so this was part of the spoil of the Assuwa war
sword looks like a type B, but possibly not
Mursili II ascended the throne in 1322/21 or 1318/17
in the third year of his reign, when Arzawa, Ahhiyawa, and Millawanda formed an alliance against Hatti, Mursili reacted and sent two generals with an army of infantry and chariots against Millawanda which was destroyed. This happened in 1319/18 or 1315/14. At Miletus, the so-called Second Building period ended at the end of LH IIIA:2 or at the transition from LH IIIA:2 to LH IIIB:1 in a heavy fire destruction. Mycenaean pottery of about the same time has been found in the Uluburun shipwreck for which we have a dendrochronological date of about 1306 BC, which is very close to 1319/18 and 1315/15 BC. Millawanda remained or soon became again Ahhiyawan sovereign territory
Hattusili writes Tawagalawa letter to the king of Ahhiyawa, addresses him as "My brother Great King, my equal". Tawagalawa is a brother of the Great King of Ahhiyawa, and his name appeares to be e-te-wo-ke-le-wa, Eteokles. He is probably stationed in Millawanda from where he operates in Lukka in competition with the Hittite king and appears to be the highest representative of Ahhiyawan interest on Anatolian soil.
The last mention of Ahhiyawan involvement in western Asia Minor is of the time of Tudhaliya IV in the second half of the 13th century BC. The king of Ahhiyawa is mentioned in connection with the Seha River Land and Arzawa.
Tudhaliya IV (reigned 1237-1209 BCE) deposed the ruler of Miletus (probably Atpa, the Ahhiyawan vassal of the Tawagalawa-letter) and set up his own vassal ruler. Erased the Ahhiyawan king from the list of the kings whom he regarded as of equal status with himself: the king of Egypt, the king of Babylonia, the king of Assyria, the king of Ahhiyawa.
transition of power appears to be reflected in the archaeological record. The material culture and probably the majority of the population remained Mycenaean, but Hittite features appeared: fortification of the wall with rectangular bastions, non-Aegaean swords. Dead continued to be buried in the Degirmentepe cemetery in Mycenaean chamber tombs with mostly Mycenaean grave goods.
With the country of Millawanda, Ahhiyawa had a foothold on the southwest coast of Asia Minor, from which it interfered in the affairs of western Asia Minor, supported enemies and rebellious vassals of Hatti but seldom went into direct action. Apparently there were not many direct military conflicts between Hittites and Ahhiyawans/Myceaneans: We only know of the battle between Attarasiya and the Hittite army in the time of Tudhaliya I/II and the Hittite conquest of Millawanda during the reign of Mursili II. Nevertheless, the constant troubles caused by Ahhiyawa via Millawanda may have prompted the Hittites to impose an embargo on the Ahhiyawans/Mycenaeans.
Seha River Land situated to the north of Arzawa Minor/Mira, must have been to the north of the Karabel-pass
Arzawa can only have been to the north of Tarhuntassa and Lukka
Lukka countries lay to the west of Tarhuntassa, in western Pamphylia and Lycia
confirms the identification of Apasa with Ephesus
New excavations on the acropolis have revealed LBA pottery, Mycenaean and Western Anatolian, and parts of an impressive fortification wall, most probably of LBA date, constructed in a similar technique as the citadel wall of Troy VI and providing evidence that Ephesos at that time formed an important center.
Tanaja used in the Egyptian sources for a major part of the Peloponnese may have been an alternative name connected with the Homeric Danaoi used alternatively to Achaioi. Another possibility (Deger-Jalkotzy) is the location of the centre of Ahhiyawa at Boeotian Thebes. According to the recently found archive of Linear B tablets Thebes was the center of a large kingdom comprising Euboea. A role at the court of Thebes is several times mentioned in the new Linear B tablets.
Niemeier is pretty sure Miletus is Millawanda.
Assuwa probably was situated to the north of Arzawa and the Seha River Land. The name Assuwa has been connected with Asia, but this name occurs only rather late and is first confined to Lydia and Ionia further south. May be Assos on the southern coast of the Troad.
The man of Ahhiyawa of the fragmentary letter of unknown author and unknown recipient (possibly king of Ahhiyawa) possibly is identical with the man of Ahhiya in the famous so called Indictment of Maduwatta written by Arnuwanda I to Madduwata, a renegade Hittite vassal in western Anatolia complaining about the misdeets of Madduwata under Tudhaliya, Arnuwanda's father. About Attarassiya, the man (maybe just a gentilic, or maybe meaning not-king) of Ahhiya (Gunterbock regards Ahhiyawa as an expanded form of Ahhiya, the people of Ahhiya) we read that he drove Madduwata from the latter's country.
recent investigations in the temple of Athena at Miletus indicates Minoan presence from beginning of Old Palace period on.
Hittite silver stag vessel from Shaft Grave IV at Mycenae may have come directly or indirectly
From the Hittite sources of the 13th century BC we know that Millawanda was inhabited by subjects of the king of Ahhiyawa. This may have been the case already as early as the later 15th century BC, since according to the archaeological data Mycenaeans probably settled there much earlier, in LH IIIA:1.
C Mee and M Benzi think that political pressure and a series of untoward events connected iwth the emergence of the centralized palace system prompted a number of displaced aristocrats to "set sail to the Aegean in order to try their fortune there at the expense of the local communities, which had not yet fully recovered from the catastrophes at the end of LM IB". If this is true, Attarasiya may be one of these displaced aristocrats. may also have been access to important resources, esp. metals. Attarasiya may have been the agent of one of the new expanding Mycenaean palace centres.
bowl at Hattusa decorated with a warrior, probably a Mycenaean
inscribed bronze sword at Hattusa
Hittite kings dedicated parts of their booty to deities, so this was part of the spoil of the Assuwa war
sword looks like a type B, but possibly not
Mursili II ascended the throne in 1322/21 or 1318/17
in the third year of his reign, when Arzawa, Ahhiyawa, and Millawanda formed an alliance against Hatti, Mursili reacted and sent two generals with an army of infantry and chariots against Millawanda which was destroyed. This happened in 1319/18 or 1315/14. At Miletus, the so-called Second Building period ended at the end of LH IIIA:2 or at the transition from LH IIIA:2 to LH IIIB:1 in a heavy fire destruction. Mycenaean pottery of about the same time has been found in the Uluburun shipwreck for which we have a dendrochronological date of about 1306 BC, which is very close to 1319/18 and 1315/15 BC. Millawanda remained or soon became again Ahhiyawan sovereign territory
Hattusili writes Tawagalawa letter to the king of Ahhiyawa, addresses him as "My brother Great King, my equal". Tawagalawa is a brother of the Great King of Ahhiyawa, and his name appeares to be e-te-wo-ke-le-wa, Eteokles. He is probably stationed in Millawanda from where he operates in Lukka in competition with the Hittite king and appears to be the highest representative of Ahhiyawan interest on Anatolian soil.
The last mention of Ahhiyawan involvement in western Asia Minor is of the time of Tudhaliya IV in the second half of the 13th century BC. The king of Ahhiyawa is mentioned in connection with the Seha River Land and Arzawa.
Tudhaliya IV (reigned 1237-1209 BCE) deposed the ruler of Miletus (probably Atpa, the Ahhiyawan vassal of the Tawagalawa-letter) and set up his own vassal ruler. Erased the Ahhiyawan king from the list of the kings whom he regarded as of equal status with himself: the king of Egypt, the king of Babylonia, the king of Assyria, the king of Ahhiyawa.
transition of power appears to be reflected in the archaeological record. The material culture and probably the majority of the population remained Mycenaean, but Hittite features appeared: fortification of the wall with rectangular bastions, non-Aegaean swords. Dead continued to be buried in the Degirmentepe cemetery in Mycenaean chamber tombs with mostly Mycenaean grave goods.
With the country of Millawanda, Ahhiyawa had a foothold on the southwest coast of Asia Minor, from which it interfered in the affairs of western Asia Minor, supported enemies and rebellious vassals of Hatti but seldom went into direct action. Apparently there were not many direct military conflicts between Hittites and Ahhiyawans/Myceaneans: We only know of the battle between Attarasiya and the Hittite army in the time of Tudhaliya I/II and the Hittite conquest of Millawanda during the reign of Mursili II. Nevertheless, the constant troubles caused by Ahhiyawa via Millawanda may have prompted the Hittites to impose an embargo on the Ahhiyawans/Mycenaeans.
